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It is a narrow strip located between the Western Cordillera and the Pacific Ocean. Rainfall decreases from north to south, making the region extremely arid. The aridity is interrupted by 53 rivers that flow down from the Sierra, forming very fertile coastal valleys on whose banks the main coastal cities are located, constituting important agricultural centers. The altitude ranges from 0 meters above sea level to 1,000 meters above sea level. From Tacna to part of Piura there is an arid subtropical climate with an average annual temperature between 19 and 20 °C, and with very little rainfall (mostly less than 30 mm/year). From Piura to, the climate is warm, semi-arid and seasonal. Dry (with rainy seasons and other dry ones), with low precipitation (200 mm/year), and with average temperatures higher than 24 °C.

It occupies a vast central region within the Peruvian territory. In this region, a great variety of valleys, lakes and pampas extend, between peaks, snow-capped peaks and abrupt peaks, which describes the ruggedness of its relief. It covers the highest portion of the Andes Mountains, over 2,000 meters above sea level, which characterizes it as a steep region with climates between temperate, cold and icy, from semi-arid to sub-humid. It is an agricultural area par excellence. The climate has a great diversity according to its different altitudinal floors: i) Subhumid temperate climate: between 1,000 and 3,000 masl, with temperatures around 20 °C; and rainfall between 500 and 1,200 mm/year: ii) Cold climate: typical of the inter-Andean valleys between 3,000 and 4,000 meters above sea level. The average rainfall is 700 mm/year and the average temperature is around 12 °C. With frosts during winter; iii) Frigid or puna climate: between 4,000 and 5,000 meters above sea level. With average rainfall of 700 mm and average temperatures of 6 °C; iv) Snowy or icy weather: Above 5,000 masl and with temperatures below 0 °C. It is the climate of the high peaks with perpetual snow.